Transformation of Sentences

Affirmative to negative: 

Rule 1: Only/ alone/ merely → Replaced by → None but(person)/ nothing but(things)/ not more than or not less than(number)
Ex: Aff: Only Allah can help us. Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: He has only a ball. Neg: He has nothing but a ball.
Aff: He has only ten taka. Neg: He has not more than ten taka.

Rule 2: Must → Replaced by → Cannot but/ Cannot help+ (v+ing).
Ex: Aff: We must obey our parents. Neg: we cannot but obey our parents/ we cannot help obeying our parents.

Rule 3: Both----and → Replaced by → not only ---- but also.
Ex: Aff: Both Dolon and Dola were excited.

Neg: Not only dolon but also Dola were present.

Rule 4: and ( if join two words) → Replaced by → Not only ----- but also.
Ex: aff: He was obedient and gentle. Neg: He was not only obedient but also gentle.

Rule 5: Everyone/ everybody/every person/ (every + common noun)/all → Replaced by → There is no + attached word + but.
Ex: Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: There is no mother but loves her child.

Rule 6: As soon as → Replaced by → No sooner had ----- Than.
Ex: Aff: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away. Neg: No sooner had the thief saw the police he ran away.

Rule 7: Absolute Superlative degree → Replaced by → No other+ attached word+so+ positive form+ as+subject.
Ex: aff: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Neg: No other city is as big as Dhaka in Bangladesh.

Rule8: Sometimes affirmative sentences are changed into negative by using opposite words. Before the word, off course ‘not’ is used.
Ex: Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.

Rule 9: Always → Replaced by → Never.
Ex: aff: Raven always attends the class. Neg: Raven never misses the class.

Rule 10: Too ---- to → Replaced by → so ---that+ can not/could not(in past).
Ex: Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Rule 11: As – as → Replaced by → Not less – than.
Ex: Aff: Simi was as wise as Rimi. Neg: Simi was not less wise than Rimi.

Rule 12: Universal truth are change by making them negative interrogative.
Ex: Aff: The Sun sets in the west. Neg: Doesn’t the Sun set in the west.

Rule 13: Sometimes → Replaced by → Not + always.
Ex: Aff: Raven sometimes visits me. Neg: Raven doesn’t always visit me.

Rule 14: Many → Replaced by → Not a few.
Ex: Aff: I have many friends. Neg: I donot have few friends.

Rule 15: A few → Replaced by → not many.
Ex: Aff: Bangladesh has a few scholars. Neg: Bangladesh doesn’t have many scholars.

Rule 16: Much → Replaced by → A little.
Ex: Aff: He belongs much money. Neg: He doesn’t belong a little money.

Rule 17: A little → Replaced by → not much.
Ex: Aff: Dolon has a little riches. Neg: Dolon doesn’t have much riches.



ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

Rule 1: If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative. If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative.
Ex: Ass: He was very gentle.
Int: was n’t he very gentle?
Aff: He is not a good person.
Int: Is he a good person?

Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass:He plays Football.
Int: Does he play football?
Ass: They did not play football yesterday.
Int: Did they play football yesterday?

Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever.
Ass: I never drink tea.
Int: Do I ever drink tea?

Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t
Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy.
Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy.
Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?

Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who.
Ex: Nobody could count my love for you.
Int: Who could ever count my love for you?

Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing).
Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law.
Int: What is the use of this law.
Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil.
Int: Who is Happier than jamil.

Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why.
Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam.
Int: Why take unfair means in the exam? Or,
Is there any use of this law?

Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter.
Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam.
Int: What though if you fail in the exam?

Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa.

Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence

Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence.
How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun)
Ex: How fortunate you are!
Ass: You are very fortunate.
Exc: What a fool you are!
Ass: You are a great fool.

Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed.
Ex: What a beautiful scenery!
Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery.
Ex: What a pity!
Ass: It is a great pity.

Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that.
Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game.
Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.

Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that.
Ex: Alas! He has failed.
Ass: We mourn that he has failed.

Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part.
Ex: Had I the wings of a bird!
Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Ex: Were I a bird!
Ass: I wish I were a bird.
Ex: If I were young again!
Ass: I wish I were young again.
Ex: would that I could be a child!
Ass: I wish I could be a child.


Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa.


Imperative to assertive

Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive.
Ex: Do the work.
Ass: you should do the work.

Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to.
Ex: Please, help me.
Ass: You are requested to help me.

Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not.
Ex: Do not run in the sun.
Ass: you should not run in the sun.

Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never.
Ex: Never tell a lie.
Ass: You should never tell a lie.

Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should.
Ex: Let us go out for a walk.
Ass: We should go out for a walk.

Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might.
Ex: Let him play football.
Ass: He might play football.



Change of degree

Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:-
For comparative,use –
subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part
For positive, use-
No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class.
Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class.
Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman.

Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way:
Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part.
Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub.

Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul.

Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any
Comparative: Than all other/than any other.
Positive: It does not exist.

Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village.
Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village.
Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan.

Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using
(not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first.
Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina.
Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina.
2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’
Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina.


Rule 4: No/not less --- than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as
Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman.
Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman.


Complex →→→ Simple →→→ compound

Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause .
When subjects are same.

Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when.
2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause.
3) then write the rest part.
4) use subject with the principal clause.
5) Principal clause remains unchanged.

Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result.

Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when
2) write down the rest part.
3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore
4) write the main clause unchanged.

Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result.

Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause:

1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being.
Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons.

Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different:
Simple:
1)Subject of s.c.
2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having)
Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out.

Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses.
Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.

Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing)
Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.

Compound: 1) Omit if+subject.
2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses.
Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.

Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, - without+( verb+ing)
Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.

Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses.
Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination.

Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing)
Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.

Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses.
Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to.
Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.

Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses.
Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life.

Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’
Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it.

Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence.
Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.

Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by
For short time – At
For month or Season – In
For age--- at the age of.
Ex: She woke up when it was midnight.
Simple: She woke up at midnight.
Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings.
Con: When Samira was four she went to school.
Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school.

Compound: Use and to join clauses.
Ex: She woke up and it was midnight.

Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use-
At the time of instead of ‘When’
Ex: When I was eating the phone rang.
Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: I was eating and the phone rang.

Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun.
Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty.
Sim: He admitted his guilt.
Com: That he is honest is known to all.
Sim: his honesty is known to all.

Compound: Use ‘And’.
Ex: He is honest and it is known to all.

Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing).
Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged.
Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.

Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into - Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive.

Adjective:
ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw.
Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
Past participle phrase:
Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct.
Sim: The answer written by him was not correct.
Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
Gerundial Infinitive:
Ex: I have no money that I can lend you.
Sim: I have no money to lend you.
Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you.

Rule 14: In the compound “ not only---- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)”
In the simple.
Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.

Example-1: 

• When can their glory fade?

This is an interrogative sentence.

This sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.

• Their glory can never fade.

Example-2: 

• Was he not a villain to do such a deed?

This interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.

• He was a villain to do such a deed.

Example-3: 

• Who can touch ditch without being defiled? (Interrogative Sentence)
• No one can touch ditch without being defiled. (Assertive Sentence)

You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example-4: 

• Who does not know him? (Interrogative Sentence)
• Every one knows him. (Assertive Sentence)

Example-5: 

• Is this the kind of dress to be worn for a school function? (Interrogative Sentence)
• This is not the kind of dress to be worn for a school function. (Assertive Sentence)

In this same way an assertive sentence can be transformed into an interrogative sentence.

Example-1: 

• We were not sent to this world simply to make money. (Assertive Sentence)
• Were we sent to this world simply to make money? (Interrogative Sentence)

Example-2: 

• I never forget those happy days. (Assertive Sentence)
• Shall I ever forget those happy days? (Interrogative Sentence)

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

The subject and the verb must agree in number: both must be singular or both must be plural. Students have problems with subject verb agreement when the verb is a form of be or have, or when the verb is in present tense.

Rules for subject verb agreement

1. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb.

Everybody	Anybody	Somebody	Nobody	Each
Everyone	Anyone	Someone	No one	Either
Everything	Anything	Something	Nothing	Neither

Everybody knows the answer.

Nobody speaks German here.

Somebody was in the room.

2. When every and each come before a singular subject joined by and, the verb is singular.

Every man and woman has the right to vote.

Each student and teacher was aware of the difficulty.

3. Prepositional phrases that come between the subject and the verb do not change the number of the subject.

The teacher as well as the students was working on the problem.

The mother together with her children is waiting.

Some examples of prepositional phrases that function like that are:

As well as

In addition to

Together with

Along with

Except

4. When the verb comes before the subject as in there or here sentences, it agrees with the subject that immediately follows the verb.

There is a tree in the garden.

There are many trees in the garden.

There is a pine tree and some oaks in the garden.

There goes the cat.

There seems to be a relationship.

There arise problems.

There arises a problem.

5. “Introductory it” is always singular.

It is my sister who works in the hospital.

It is my cats which cause the trouble.

6. Subjects joined by and take a plural verb (except for number 2).

My sister and brother live in Berlin.

Both the teacher and the student were surprised.

7. Several, many, both, few are plural words and take a plural verb.

Both are happy with the grades they got.

Many were lost on the way.

Few have done their homework.

8. Some nouns are always plural and always take a plural verb.

• Trousers, pants, slacks, shorts, briefs, jeans
• Glasses, sunglasses
• Scissors, pliers, tweezers

My jeans are old.

This year shorts are in fashion.

Where are my scissors?

9. Some words such as none, any, all, more, most, some, majority, half may take either singular or plural verbs depending on the meaning.

All the money has been spent.

All of the students know the answer.

10. When subjects are joined by words such as neither, either, not only the verb must agree with the closer subject.

Either the man or his wife knows the answer.

Either the man or his friends know the answer.

Either the children or the man knows the answer.

11. Collective nouns are usually singular when regarded as a unit.

My family lives in Ankara.

Our team has won every game this year.

Sometimes when the members are seen as functioning independently, these collective nouns may be plural.

My family have a lot of money.  (members of my family)

Our team are working hard to win every game they play. (team members)

·        Some collective nouns in this group are:

Family, team, crew, class, government, committee

12. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. They take singular or plural verb depending on the meaning.

This species of monkeys lives only in India.

There are many species of monkeys.

·        Some nouns in this group are:

Species, series, deer, fish, sheep

13. Expressions stating amount of time, money, weight, volume are plural in form but take a singular verb as in:

Three weeks is a long time.

Two hundred dollars is a lot of money.

14. Some nouns look plural with –s but they take a singular verb.

Sciences	Abstract nouns	Diseases
Physics Mathematics Statistics Economics	News Politics Ethics	Measles Mumps

        Maths is found difficult by many students.

Statistics requires complicated methods.

15. Generic references.

The rich are not always happy.

The young like to listen to loud music.

The old hate loud music.

The English are distant and the French are humorous.

16. Note the use of foreign plurals.

Singular	Plural
Analysis Thesis Crisis Basis Parenthesis	Analyses Theses Crises Bases Parentheses
Curriculum Memorandum Datum Bacterium Medium	Curricula Memoranda Data Bacteria Media
Criterion Phenomenon	Criteria Phenomena
Stimulus Radius Syllabus	Stimuli Radii Syllabi

17. Don’t forget that some common English words have irregular plurals.

Plural	Singular
Child Person	Children People

18. A relative pronoun takes a singular or plural verb depending on which noun it modifies.

Lisa is one of the students who have passed with an A.   (Many students passed with an A, Lisa is one of them.)

Lisa is the only one of my students who has passed with an A. (Only Lisa passed with an A.)

Rules of Voice

Voice change

সাধারণ অ‡_© Voice অ_© কণ্ঠস্বর। কিন্তু ব্যাকরণে একে বলা হয় বাচ্য। Verb-এর যেForm দ্বারা কর্তা যখন কাজটি নিজে করে বা অন্যের মাধ্যমে সম্পাদন করিয়ে নেয়এবং কZ©vi  সঙ্গে কাজের সম্পর্ক দেখায় এবং এইভাবে Verb-এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তনঘটে তাকে Voice বলে। যেমন:
a. He has made a basket. b. A basket has been made by him.ওপরের প্রথম বাক্যে কর্তা নিজে কাজ করেছে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে কর্তার ওপর কাজকরানো হয়েছে।
শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, আমরা লক্ষ্য করলে দেখতে পাই যে—
(i) object (receiver)-টি Subject হিসেবে প্রথমে বসেছে।
(ii) সাহায্যকারী verb-টি বসেছে।
(iii) অতিরিক্ত একটি be verb বসেছে।
(iv) verb Gi 3rd Form ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।
(v) extension বসেছে।
(vi) by যোগে verb Gi subject-টি object হয়েছে।

Voice সাধারণত দুই প্রকার। যথা—
1. Active voice (সক্রিয় বাচ্য) এবং 2. Passive voice (নিষ্ক্রিয় বাচ্য)|
1. Active voice: কর্তা নিজেই কাজ করে অর্থাৎ কর্তা সক্রিয় এরূপ বোঝালে verb-এর Active voice হয়। যেমন: উপরের বক্সে আমরা দেখতে পাচ্ছি Active বাক্যে KZv© অর্থাৎ subject নিজেইকাজটি সম্পাদন করেছে।
2. Passive voice: Verb-এর যে form দ্বারা কর্তা নিজে কাজ সম্পাদন করে না,বরং কাজটি অন্যের দ্বারা করানো হয় এরূপ বোঝায় তাকে Passive voice বলা হয়।যেমন:
Voice change-এর ক্ষেত্রে মৌলিক যে নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয় তা নিচে উল্লেখ করাহলো:
(i) আমরা জানি যে, মূল verb-এর পরে Object বসে।
(ii) তাহলে এবার Object হবে Subject|
(iii) তারপর বসবে To be verb/Auxiliary verb +
(iv) এবং মূল verb-এর Past participle বসবে।
(v) Subject-টি Object-রূপে by-এর পরে বসবে।
Voice change করার সময় একজন শিক্ষার্থীকে অবশ্যই বাক্যের Subject ওObject সম্পর্কে পরিষ্কার জ্ঞান থাকতে হবে। নিচের ছক অনুযায়ী এদের পরিবর্তন হয়েথাকে। যেমন:লক্ষণীয় বিষয়:
(a) কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে Active voice-এ দুটি Object-এর মধ্যে যেকোনো একটিরপূর্বে Preposition থাকে। এ ধরনের বাক্যে যে Object-টির পূর্বে Preposition থাকেসেই Object-টি Passive voice -এর Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয় না। সঙ্গেরদ্বিতীয় Object-টি Passive voice-এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
Active : She did for me the necessary things.
Passive : The necessary things were done for me by her.
(b) আবার কোনো কোনো সময় Active voice-এর দুটি Object থাকে। সে ক্ষেত্রেউক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive voice করার সময় প্রথম Object-টি অর্থাৎব্যক্তিবাচক Object-টিকে Subject করাই উত্তম।
Active : The Headmaster teaches us English.
Passive : We are taught English by the headmaster.
Or, English is taught us by the headmaster. উল্লিখিত বাক্যটিতে লক্ষ করলে দেখা যায়, Active voice-টিতে teaches মূল verb-টির পরে দুটি Object যথাক্রমে us ও English আছে। এর মধ্যে us ব্যক্তিবাচকObject হওয়ায় তাকে Passive voice-এর Subject হিসেবে বসানো হয়েছে।

Voice change
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
নিচের ছকটি ভালোভাবে লক্ষ করো, তাহলে বুঝতে পারবে কখন কীভাবে কী ধরনেরপরিবর্তন হয়:
Tense Active Passive
Present Indefinite do/does am / is / are
Past Indefinite did was / were
Future Indefinite shall / will shall be / will be
Present continuous am / is / are is being/ am being / are being
Past continuous was / were was being / were being
Future continuous shall be /will be shall be being/ will be being
Present perfect have / has have been / has been
Past perfect had had been
Future perfect Shall have/will have shall have been/ will have beenআরও কিছু নিয়ম মেনে চলতে হবে যেমন: Defective verb বা Modal auxiliaryরয়েছে এরকম বাক্যকে Passive voice করার সময় নিচের নিয়মটি প্রযোজ্য হবে।
Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive
Used to used to be Might might be Should should be
shall shall be Would would be Could could be
will will be Must must be Ought to ought to be
Tense-এর বেলায় Voice change বিভিন্ন সময় বিভিন্ন আকার ধারণ করে।
Voice change
Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।

1. Present Indefinite Tense: Present Indefinite Tense-কে passive voice করতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) am/is/are মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : I write a letter.
Active : They play football.
Passive : A letter is written by me.
Passive : Football is played by them.
Active : Sony sings a song.
Active : The horse carry goods.
Passive : A song is sung by Sony
Passive : Goods are carried by the horse.
2. Present Continuous: Present continuous tense-কে passive voiceকরতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) am being/is being/are beingমূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : I am writing a letter.
Active : They are drawing many pictures.
Passive : A letter is being written by me.
Passive : Many pictures are being drawn by them.
Active : Sony is singing a song.
Active : The horse is caring goods.
Passive : A song is being sung by Sony.
Passive : Goods are being carried by the horse.
3. Present Perfect: Present Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলেএই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) have been/has been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : I have written a letter.
Passive : A letter has been written by me.
Active : Sony has sung a song.
Passive : A song has been sung by Sony.
Active : They have played football.
Passive : Football has been played by them.
Active : We have won the match.
Passive : The match have been won by us.
4. Past Indefinite Tense: Past Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voiceকরতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) was/were মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : Jony killed a tiger.
Passive : A tiger was killed by Jony.
Active : You did the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was done by you very nicely.
Active : I thanked my friend.
Passive : My friend was thanked by me.

Voice change
 Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।

5. Past Continuous: Past Continuous Tense-কে Passive voice করতেহলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) was being/were being মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : Raju was writing a letter..
Passive : A letter was being written by Raju.
Active : You were doing the job very nicely.
Passive : The job was being done by you very nicely.
Active : I was helping my friend.
Passive : My friend was being helped by me.
6. Past Perfect: Past Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলে এইসূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) had been মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : Raju had written a letter.
Passive : A letter had been written by Raju.
Active : You had finished the work very nicely.
Passive: The work had been finished by you very nicely.
Active : I had drunk a glass of water.
Passive : A glass of water had been drunk by me.
7. Future Indefinite Tense: Future Indefinite Tense-কে Passive voiceকরতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) shall be/will be মূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : Raju will write a letter.
Passive : A letter will be written by Raju.
Active : You will do the job very nicely.
Passive : The job will be done by you very nicely.
Active : I shall help my friend.
Passive : My friend will be helped by me.
8. Future Continuous: Past Continuous Tense-কে Passive voiceকরতে হলে এই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) shall be being/will be being মূল verb-এরPast participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত)
Active : Raju will be writing a letter..
Passive : A letter will be being written by Raju.
Active : You will be doing the job very nicely.
Passive : The job will be being done by you very nicely.
Active : I shall be helping my friend.
Passive : My friend will be being helped by me.
# পরবর্তী অংশ ছাপা হবে আগামীকাল

Voice change
 Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করার নিয়ম।
9. Future Perfect: Future Perfect Tense-কে Passive voice করতে হলেএই সূত্রটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject (Object থেকে আগত) shall have been/will have beenমূল verb-এর Past participle by Object (Subject থেকে আগত) Active : They will have given me a book .
Passive : A book will have been given me by them.
Active : Rana will have finished the work.
Passive : The work will have been finished by Rana.
Active : Mitu will have written it.
Passive : It will have been written by Mitu.
(বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য: Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense ও Future Perfect Continuous Tense-এর Passive voice হয় না।)
Interrogative Sentence: উক্ত Sentence-এ যখন do, does বা did দ্বারাn প্রশ্নজিজ্ঞাসা করা হয় তখন Subject-এর number, person ও tense অনুযায়ীপরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ‘to be verb’ বসিয়ে Passive voice করতে হয়।যেমন—
Active : Do you like the book?
Passive : Is the book liked by you?
Active : Does he like the cake?
Passive : Is the cake liked by him?
Active : Did he beat the dog?
Passive : Was the dog beaten by him?
Active : Did he laugh at the poor?
Passive : Were the poor laughed at by him?
Interrogative বাক্যে ব্যবহূত বিভিন্ন Tense-এর সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়াn দ্বারা বাক্যশুরু হলে Passive voice করার সময় Tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verbপরিবর্তিত Subject-এর পূর্বে ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং Voice change-এর অন্যান্যনিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়। যেমন—
Active : Has he done it?
Passive : Has it been done by him?
Active : Had he finished the work?
Passive : Had the work been finished by him?
Active : Was he making a doll?
Passive : Was a doll being made by him?
Who দ্বারা Active voice শুরু হলে একে Passive voice করার সময় বাক্যেরপ্রথমে By whom ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—n
Active : Who spoke it?
Passive : By whom was it spoken?
Active : Who does?
Passive : By whom is it done?
Active : Who has broken the pencil?
Passive : By whom has the pencil been broken?
Active : Who is doing it?
Passive : By whom is it being done?
Voice change
What দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active বাক্য আরম্ভ হলে Passive voice করারসময় what ঠিক what থাকে। যেমন—n
Active : What does Meena seek?
Passive : What is sought by Meena?
Active : What did you do?
Passive : What was done by you?
Whom দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্নবোধক Active voice শুরু হলে তাকে Passive voiceকরার সময় who বাক্যের প্রথমে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—n
Active : Whom do you want?
Passive : Who is wanted by you?
Active : Whom does he seek?
Passive : Who is sought by him?
Why, When, Where, How ইত্যাদি দ্বারা Interrogative active বাক্য শুরুnহলে Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত Interrogative adverb-গুলোই বাক্যেরপ্রথমে থেকে যায়। Voice change-এর অন্যান্য নিয়ম অবশ্যই পালনীয়। যেমন—
Active : Why does he disclose the fact?
Passive : Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Active : Why do they take the pen?
Passive : Why is the pen taken by them?
Active : When will Jibon write it?
Passive : When will it be written by Jibon?
Active : When will they make the kite?
Passive : When will the kite be made by them ?
Active : Where did Mamun find you?
Passive : Where were you found by Mamun?
Active : Where have you taken him?
Passive : Where has be been taken by you ?
Active : How have you done this?
Passive : How has this been done by you?
Active : How does he finish the work?
Passive : How is the work finished by him?
Impertive Sentence: যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ ও অনুরোধ বোঝায়,nতাকে Impertive Sentence বলে। উক্ত Sentence-এর Active voice-এরobject-কে let-এর Object-রূপে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মূল Verb-এর Past participle হয় এবং তার পূর্বে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Do it.
Passive : Let it be done (by you).
Active : Make a Kite.
Passive : Let a Kite be made (by you).
Active : Help the poor.
Passive : Let the poor be helped (by you).
Active : Take care of your health.
Passive : Let your health be taken care of.

Voice changeসুপ্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, গ্রামার-এর ওপর দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধিতে সম্পূর্ণ সিলেবাসের ওপরVoice change থেকে ধারাবাহিক আলোচনায় তোমাদের স্বাগতম।
(গতকালের পর)
Impertive Sentence: Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice যখন letদ্বারাn দেওয়া থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় নতুন করে আর let ব্যবহারকরার দরকার হয় না। উক্ত let-কেই উক্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে Indirect object-টিকে sub করে Passive করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : Let Putul read the book.
Passive : Let the book be read by Putul.
Active : Let me sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by me.
Active : Let him do the sum.
Passive : Let the sum be done by him.
দ্রষ্টব্য: Let-এর পরে Second person বসে না।
Impertive Sentence-এর Active voice-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে যদি adverb থাকেতবে Passive করার সময় তাকে বাক্যের শেষে রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—n
Active : Help him now.
Passive : Let him be helped now.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be spoken always.
Active : Shut the door immediately.
Passive : Let the door be shut immediately.
Active : Today cut the tree.
Passive : Let the tree be cut today (by you).
Impertive Sentence-যদি Negative হয় তবে Passive voice করার সময়বাক্যেরn প্রথমে let not ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অন্যান্য নিয়ম পূর্বের মতোই থেকে যায়।
Active : Do not break the temple.
Passive : Let not the temple be broken (by you).
Active : Don’t post the letter.
Passive : Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active : Don’t open the door.
Passive : Let not the door be opened (by you).

Voice changeসুপ্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, গ্রামার-এর ওপর দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধিতে সম্পূর্ণ সিলেবাসের ওপরVoice change থেকে ধারাবাহিক আলোচনায় তোমাদের স্বাগতম।
Complex Sentence : n
Complex Sentence-কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ওSub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এরসাধারণত Object থাকে না। তাই উক্ত অংশের Object হিসেবে It নিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : I know that you helped him.
Passive : It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active : I thought that Babul had sung a song.
Passive : It was thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
জেনে রাখো: Complex Sentence-এর Sub-ordinate clause-এর যদি Objectনা থাকে তবে উক্ত অংশের Passive voice করার দরকার হয় না। এ ধরনেরSentence-এর বেলায় Principal clause-এর subject হিসেবে It নিয়েও Passive voice করা যায়। তা ছাড়া sub-ordinate clause-এর that-সহ পরের সবটুকুকেPassive করার সময় বাক্যের Subject করে Passive করা যায়। যেমন—
Active : I know that the he is a good boy
Passive : It is known to me that he is a good boy.
Or : That he is a good boy is known to me.
জেনে রাখো: And দ্বারা দুটি বাক্য যুক্ত হলে যদি and-এর উভয় অংশে Object থাকেতবে উভয়ই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হবে। আর and-এর পরবর্তী অংশে কোনোObject না থাকলে প্রথম অংশ বা পূর্ববর্তী অংশ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমন—
Active : He ate rice and went to school.
Passive : Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active : He ate rice and gave me a pen.
Passive : Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him. অনেক সময় Infinitive দ্বারাও Voice change করা যায়। যেমন—I don’t like to be hated.
A bank is going to be opened by the manager.
# পরবর্তী অংশ ছাপা হবে আগামীকাল

nVoice change সুপ্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা, গ্রামার-এর ওপর দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধিতে সম্পূর্ণ সিলেবাসের ওপরVoice change থেকে ধারাবাহিক আলোচনায় তোমাদের স্বাগতম।
Complex Sentence : n
Complex Sentence-কে Passive voice করতে হলে Principal clause ওSub-ordinate clause উভয়ের Passive করতে হয়। Principal clause-এরসাধারণত Object থাকে না। তাই উক্ত অংশের Object হিসেবে It নিতে হয়।
লক্ষণীয়: কতগুলো Verb-এর পরে by preposition না বসে with, at, to ইত্যাদিবসে। যেমন—
Gratify = gratify with,
please = pleased with,
satisfy = satisfied with,
bless = blessed with,
glad = glad at,
know = known to,
surprise = surprised at,
fill = filled with ইত্যাদি।
Known verb-এর পরে to ও be উভয়ই বসে। যেমন—
He is known to me.
A tree is known by its fruits.জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় আত্মপরিচয় দিতে হলে বা কোনো কাজের মাধ্যমে পরিচয়দিতে হলে known-এর পরে by বসে। একে অন্যের সঙ্গে পরিচয় অর্থে Known-এরপরে to বসে। যেমন— Active : The boy pleased us all.
Passive : We all were pleased by the boy হবে না। এক্ষেত্রে হবে-
Passive : We all were pleased with the boy.
Active : Your work satisfied me.
Passive : I was satisfied with your work.
Active : His conduct annoyed me.
Passive : I was annoyed at his conduct.
Active : The book contains useful information.
Passive : Useful information is contained in the book.জেনে রাখো: অনেক সময় দেখা যায় Passive voice-এর Doer বা Agent থাকেনা। এ ধরনের বাক্যের Voice পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Someone, People, We, The Boy, He ইত্যাদিকে Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তবে কোনো কাজযখন এক ব্যক্তি দ্বারা করা সম্ভব তখন Singular subject নিতে হয়। আর যখনকোনো কাজ একার পক্ষে সাধারণত করা সম্ভব নয় তখন Plural subject নিতে হয়।যেমন—
Passive : My pen was stolen.
Active : Someone stole my pen.
Passive : He is not known here.
Active : None/nobody knows him here.
Passive : He is called a liar.
Active : People/They call him a liar.জেনে রাখো: Voice Change করার ক্ষেত্রে। নিম্নলিখিত Verb-গুলোর Passive voice হয় না। কারণ এরা Intransitive verb : die, appear, seem, disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, and indulge ইত্যাদি।
Incorrect : It was appeared.
Correct : It appeared.
Incorrect : It is happened.
Correct : It happened.
Incorrect : This book is belonged to me.
Correct : This book belongs to me.Complex Sentence :
Active voice-এ যখন has to, had to, is going to, was going to, ought to, used to, have got to ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকে তখন Passive voice করার সময় উক্ত verb-গুলোর সঙ্গে be ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He has to do work.
Passive : The work has to be done by him.
Active : We ought to love our country.
Passive : Our country ought to be loved by us.
Active : They used to burn the dead body.
Passive : The dead body used to be burn by them.
কিছু ব্যতিক্রম নিয়মের Voice change:
1. Quasi-passive Verb: Quasi শব্দের অর্থ half বা অর্ধেক। অর্থাৎ Half-passive = Quasi-passive. অতএব বলা যায়, যেসব Verb Half passive-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Quasi-passive verb বলে। এদের Passive করতে হলে নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
১ নম্বর সূত্র: Sub + Be verb + Complement + When (if) + It/they +Be verb + Verb-এর Past participle.
২ নম্বর সূত্র: Subject + Be verb + Verb-এর Past participle + Complement.
Active : Honey tastes sweet.
Passive : Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
(১ নম্বর সূত্র)
Honey is tasted sweet. (২ নম্বর সূত্র)
Active : The bed feels soft.
Passive : The bed is soft when it is felt
The bed is felt soft.
Active : This story reads funny.
Passive : This story is funny when it is read.
This story is read funny.
2. Reflexive Verb:
যে verb-এর Subject এবং Object একই ব্যক্তি তাকে Reflexive verb বলে এবং Object-টিকে Reflexive object বলে। একে Subject করা যায় না। একে by-এর পরেই রেখে দিতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : He hurt himself.
Passive : He was hurt by himself.
Active : She killed herself.
Passive : She was killed by herself.
Active : He poisoned himself.
Passive : He was poisoned by himself.
3. Factitive Object: যেসব Object ক্ষণস্থায়ী অর্থাৎ মানুষের মতামতের ওপর যাদের স্থায়িত্ব নির্ভর করে সেসব Object-কে Factitive object বলে। এদের স্থায়িত্ব স্বল্প বিধায় এদেরকে বাক্যের Subject করা যায় না। তাই এদের পূর্ববর্তী Object-কে Subject করে Passive voice করতে হয়। যেমন—
Active : We made him captain .
Passive : He was made captain by us.
= Captain was made him by us হবে না।
Active : We call him a fool.
Passive : He is called a fool by us.
= A fool is called him by us হবে না।

Sample Questions
1. Change the following Active Voice into Passive:
(a) We made him captain.
(b) Always speak the truth.
(c) Do not open the door.
(d) Have you read the book?
(e) He will teach us English.
(f) Who has broken the plate?
(g) The book is printing.
(h) Nobody knows him here.
(i) Whom do you call?
Answer:
(a) He was made captain by us.
(b) Let the truth be always spoken.
(c) Let not the door be opened.
(d) Has the book been read by you?
(e) English will be taught us by him. (or)
We shall be taught English by him.
(f) By whom has the plate been broken?
(g) The book is being printed.
(h) He is not known here
(i) Who is called by?
2. Change the following Passive Voice into Active:
(a) My watch was stolen.
(b) Let a letter be written y me.
(c) Rice is sold in the market.
(d) By whom will the bill be paid?
(e) His brother was hurt by him.
(f) English is spoken all over the world.
(g) The book was placed on the table.
(h) I am surprised at his conduct.
(i) Rome was not built in a day.
(j) He is well known to me.
Answer:
(a) Some one stole my watch.
(b) Let me write a letter.
(c) Rice sells in the market.
(d) Who will pay the bill?
(e) He hurt his brother.
(f) People speak English all over the world.
(g) Someone placed the book on the table.
(h) His conduct surprises me.
(i) The Romans did not build Rome in a day.
(j) I know him well.